made man (12. 617)

On this day, at some time after 15:00 local time, James “Jimmy” Riddle Hoffa, American labour activist and president of the International Brotherhood of Teamsters, disappeared under mysterious circumstances in Bloomfield Township, Michigan—a suburb of Detroit. Involved with organised crime and the Mafia since his early years working with the union, making accommodations and compromises with gangsters that often controlled trucking and warehouse guilds through the 1930s in order to leverage strength in numbers and consolidate disparate associations for collective bargaining, though the influence of the Mafia increased as membership grew.

Various allegations of bribery, fraud and corruption cast a pall over his tenure from 1957 through his 1963 indictment for jury tampering, prosecuted by Attorney General Robert F Kennedy. Despite harsh sentencing, Hoffa was reelected to a third term as the Teamsters’ president, resigning from office in 1971 while still in prison as a condition of a presidential pardon, Nixon commuting his sentence of thirteen years to time served, less than five, pledging not to engage with any labour organisation for a period of nine years. The unions endorsed Nixon’s 1972 reelection bid, breaking with tradition of supporting the Democratic candidate. By the following year, Hoffa sought to return to union leadership and unsuccessfully sued the administration to invalidate those restrictions, and undeterred planned to regain his role—despite his parole and vocal opposition from dons and caporegimes of prominent criminal syndicates. Hoffa had arranged a meeting on the afternoon of 30 July at the Machus Red Fox restaurant, venue of his son’s wedding reception, in order to make peace with two of those Mafia families. Hoffa was stood up however when none showed at the appointed time, documented by a call home from a payphone, and friends found his unlocked car in the restaurant’s parking lot early the next morning. Extensive searches, surveillance and depositions yielded no leads, and Hoffa was declared legally deceased by a judge on the anniversary of his disappearance in 1982 with no individuals charged. Not infrequent excavations in the Detroit area and perennial indulges from The Irishman to Bruce Almighty sustain the mystery and haunt America’s attitudes toward the labour movement and unions to this day.

synchronoptica

one year ago: assorted links worth revisiting (with synchronopticæ) plus Monty Hall enlightenment 

twelve years ago: sci-fi author Hugo Gernsbach

fourteen years ago: a trip to Aquitaine and Medoc 

fifteen years ago: metamorphoses plus Big Tech’s partnership with spy agencies

🧶 (12. 593)

On this day in 1961, Lee Harvey Oswald was granted an exit visa to the return to the United States after two years of living and working in Minsk, having defected in October of 1959. Oswald taught himself Russian and had saved up a sizeable portion of his Marine Corps salary after his court-martial and hardship discharge and booked passage to the United Kingdom via ship from New Orleans to Le Havre. Telling customs officials he intended to stay in Southhampton for a week before proceeding to a school in Switzerland.

Hiding his plans to reach the Soviet Union, Oswald flew to Helsinki the same day and took a train to Moscow, where granted a week’s permit to stay and assigned a guide by Intourist, the travel agency and tour operator purportedly run by the KGB. Immediately informing his escort that he wished to become a Soviet subject, Oswald was questioned by various officials as to his motivation whom all found his reasoning suspect and a bit incomprehensible and his application was denied with him being told he would need to leave upon the expiration of his visa. The night before he was due to depart, Oswald—distraught and desperate—gave himself a minor but convincingly bloody knick on the wrist in the hotel bathroom, prompting his Intourist minder to refer him to a psychiatric hospital for observation, overstaying his visa, insisting he wanted to remain in the Soviet Union. Later Oswald formerly declared his desire to renounce his American citizenship to an embassy official at the US mission to the Soviet Union, telling the interviewing consular agent he was earnest and would disclose to the Soviets details on the Marine Corps and his speciality as a radar operator, suggesting he had more intelligence secrets he could reveal. 

The consular agent confiscated his passport but did not revoke Oswald’s citizenship. Hoping to be allowed to pursue his studies in Moscow, Oswald was a bit deflated to be sent to Minsk for a factory job producing consumer and space electronics. The future president of an independent Belarus, Stanislau Shushkevich, a coworker, was assigned to Oswald to help him improve his language skills. Despite government-subsidised housing and a generous supplement that afforded Oswald a conformable lifestyle, he eventually became disillusioned, reporting that the the work was drab and there were no little leisure activities and requested to be repatriated. Acquired dependents while Oswald was awaiting the decision and return of his passport were permitted to join him in Texas one year later.

synchronoptica

one year ago: a sign of solidarity with Trump’s failed assassination attempt (with synchronopticæ) plus going Nazi

fourteen years ago: the job market for recent graduates 

blessed be the fruit (12. 585)

After having taken away workplace flexibilities and maximal telework and remote working postures purely out of spite—not enhancing workgroup cohesion since all meetings and encounters are still conducted virtually for the most part, just adding misery to government employees returned to under maintained and overcrowded offices or nearest available government-leased or owned building (only to sell off surplus real estate prior to accommodating everyone, including those who never worked in an office), the latest guidance from the Office of Personnel Management regarding religious accommodation encourages agencies to utilise a variety of flexibilities in order to not infringe on one’s faith practise, to include variable schedules and teleworking and fulfil religious obligations (sabbath, holiday preparation, periods of fasting and time-specific prayer) without compromising department mission, adding that telework is a low-cost solution that does not impose operational burdens. To the exclusion of agnostics and atheists, the memorandum does include surprisingly inclusive language—though we know the target audience is Christian Nationalists and perceived slights and prejudice will be weaponised (see previously) to promote a certain theological point of view.

synchronoptica

one year ago: the Bell Systems’ Science series (with synchronopticæ) plus the medium is the metaphor

project ester (12. 582)

Named after queen Hadassah of the Hebrew bible who canonically revealed the designs of the Persian vizier to execute the Jews of Persia and urged them to take up arms against their enemies, the conservative think-tank, the Heritage Foundation’s other agenda—aside from Project 2025—ostensibly with the laudatory aim of combating what it classifies as antisemitism, Project Ester was launched a month before the US presidential, coinciding Hamas-led attack on Israel. Like many aspirational goals of the think-tank’s other programme, which seemed naïvely at the time far-fetched and were dismissed as panic mongering or symptomatic of Trump derangement syndrome, their target as outlined in the project’s blueprint—which the administration has brought whole-cloth, has shifted from something that ought to be an uncontroversial and given of dignity and respect shown to fellow humans to something ideological and partisan—only attacking anti-semitism on the left (which in itself seems like an oxymoron)—and using dismantling pro-Palestinian organisations and protest as a vehicle, a national strategy to frame an stance perceived as critical of the government of Israel as supporting a network of terrorism. The chilling effect that this has had for demonstrators, which the project’s architects do not deny was their intent, manifest in cancelling student visas and millions of dollars in US federal grants for colleges and universities not seen to be doing enough to combat anti-Semitic acts. Critical of “legacy” American Jewish institutions as complacent and embraced by evangelical Christians, many in the community Project Ester is claiming to champion have disavowed its tactics, recognising that their real plight is being appropriated to incite moral panic and spread conservative values broadly by targeting students, educators, politicians and other figures and institutions aligned with the purported movement that threatens not only Israeli interests but the US as well.

up with people (12. 567)

Whilst not exactly counter-programming for the later Expo ’74 and other iterations, the evangelic conference held in mid-June 1972 in Dallas, Texas sponsored by the Campus Crusade for Christ—the name meant to suggest a “spiritual explosion” and capitalise off the international expositions—and was considered the showcase event of the Jesus Movement which arose as a backlash to the perceived godlessness of alternative lifestyles and the cultural awakening of the previous few years of the Baby Boomer generation. Also described as “Christian Woodstock,” it took place during the height of the protests against the Vietnam (the final night coinciding with the Watergate break-in), with some grumblings at the fringe that were mostly kept muted by the atmosphere of enthusiastic patriotism that bordered on Christian nationalism, musical acts included Johnny Cash, Larry Norman and Kris Kristofferson and prominent guest speakers the reverend Billy Graham (previously). Attendance for the multi-day event ranged from eight-thousand to one hundred thousand, attending seminars and workshops—mostly US college students but with a foreign delegation representing around seventy five countries. Conservative groups were critical of Explo ’72 for its ecumenical nature, reaching out to both Protestant and Catholic ministries, as well for the music and dancing. Much more about the conference and side-show as well as its legacy from We are the Mutants contributor Michael Grasso at the link above.

7x7 (12. 565)

alligator auschwitz: Trump’s Florida detention centre is by every definition a concentration camp

solvitur ambulando: when in doubt, go for a walk—see previously  

mcmxxv—mmxxv: the century in one hundred films 

rif me daddy: US supreme court overrules injunction against executive branch illegal mass firings after passage of Trump’ domestic policy agenda  

geschirrspüler: a 1959 German dishwasher in action  

adam und eva: a group of Europeans’ failed attempt to found a utopia during the interbellum period on a remote Galápagos island—via Neatorama 

race and ethnicity: the case of George Shishim, invoking Jesus, illustrates the particularly American obsession with whiteness to the exclusion of others—see more

smoke-filled room (12. 526)

Coined by journalist Raymond Clapper and the Associated Press reporting on the selection process, leaders of the US Republican party gathered in a room at the Blackstone Hotel, considered one of the finest and most exclusive luxury accommodations of Chicago, host to numerous presidents during the twentieth century, to reach a consensus on whom their nominee would be. This secretive conclave of GOP power-brokers chose a compromise candidate in junior senator from Ohio, Warren G Harding (previously here and here) after several non-conclusive rounds of voting among delegates at the convention being held at the Coliseum across town. The fact that Harding had not been a serious contender prior to this private meeting confirmed in the minds of many that the American political machine was not truly representative and inscrutable, like the concept of the star chamber, and the phrase became shorthand for the murky, hazy inner workings.

synchronoptica

one year ago: constant entertainment (with synchronoptica) plus solving Zeno’s paradoxes

seven years ago: white-washing white supremacy, assorted links worth the revisit plus a memorial to those lost to Hurricane Maria

eight years ago: segregated America 

nine years ago: an ugly colour for cigarette packaging, rethinking heath and hygiene plus the Playboy mansion sold

ten years ago: romancing Sparta plus the immortal cells of Henrietta Lacks

gideon v wainwright (12. 505)

Arrested on this day in 1961 in Panama City Florida on suspicion of a committing a burglary at pool hall based on the testimony of a single witness who claimed to have seen the unemployed drifter at the scene of the crime that morning, Clarence Earl Gideon falsely charged with petty larceny and breaking and entering appeared in court alone for his trial, unable to afford a defence lawyer, and had to represent himself, the laws of the state only requiring counsel to be proved in cases of capital offences. Gideon correctly countered the judge citing the US constitution’s VI. and XIV. amendments but could not persuade him otherwise and was forced to stand up himself to the authorities bringing the charges and was ultimately remanded to five years in prison for a crime he did not commit. During his incarceration, Gideon researched the law in the jail’s library and on prison stationary (a handwritten petition for a writ of certiorari) requested review by the state supreme court, which rejected it and was subsequently appealed to the nation’s high court, bringing suit against the then incumbent secretary of the Florida depart of corrections, Louie L Wainwright, for violation of his constitutional rights. The Supreme Court issued its landmark decision two years later, assigning Gideon prominent Washington, DC attorney and future associate justice Abe Fortas of the firm Arnold, Fortas & Porter to argue his case pro bono, ruling that selective application of this entitlement, weighted factors like the complexity of the charges, illiteracy or low intelligence of the defendant were irrelevant (Gideon himself certainly lawyered up despite leaving school after eighth grade) and counsel for those who could not afford it was guaranteed in all proceedings to navigate the rules of evidence and admissibility. The decision informed the US public defender system for the indigent for help ensure fair trials and over two thousand incarcerated inmates in Florida were released in 1963, mistrials declared and found that their right to due process had been violated. Gideon himself opted to have his name exonerated with a speedy retrial, acquitted by a jury in less than an hour. Part of a series of court decisions that confirmed the rights of defendants at trial, the ruling was extended to police interrogation with Miranda v Arizona, this anniversary seems especially resonant now with unheard of retributive attacks on law firms and individual lawyers, which is placing a chilling effect on pro bono work and legal aid for those up against those virtually unchallenged and untouchable.

synchronoptica

one year ago: assorted links worth revisiting (with synchronoptica) plus candidate Bill Clinton on a late night talk show (1992)

seven years ago: a visit to Kloster Veßra, ultimate Monopoly, Andy Warhol shot (1968) plus the revival of an ancient Sumerian religion

eight years ago: a four-dimensional toy box, a cove of abandoned ships, political gaslighting plus Trump rallies against Pride month

nine years ago: tensions between Germany and Türkiye 

ten years ago: more links to enjoy

tariff of abominations (12. 471)

Designed to fail for its language that would hurt both industrialists and farmers, the US congress—against its own interests—passed on this day in 1828 a protective levy from thirty-eight to forty-fiver percent on many imported goods and raw materials, escalating cession and civil war. Due to the blockade of British exports to continental Europe during the Napoleonic Wars, America was flooded with cheap goods, particularly cloth, which northern manufacturing centres could not compete with, hurting domestic business and instigating the punitive duties. While England did not respond with reciprocal tariffs on cotton exports, a feared repercussion of the legislation—the cotton was needed for the fabric export market above—trade tensions were never allowed to develop in this way by dint of provisions injected into the bill that congressional representatives felt would sabotage its chance of passing with import duties imposed on New England manufacturers for raw materials. The manoeuvre backfired, however, with the northern states willing to pay this internal tariff in order to bolster domestic manufacturing and prevent factory closures and Vice President John C Calhoun (previously) urging nullification of the schedule with South Carolina, nearly forcing a government crisis with a constituent state ignoring, declaring null and void, a federal law it considered unconstitutional. Ultimately the South Carolina legislature took none of the recommended courses of action with the tariffs renegotiated in 1833 in compromise.

life is much more successfully looked at from a single window, after all (12. 379)

First published by Charles Scribner’s Sons on this day in 1925, the Jazz Age novel by writer F Scott Fitzgerald, although well-received initially by critics, many felt it fell short of his earlier works, This Side of Paradise and The Beautiful and the Damned and was commercially a disappointment, and the fact it is one of the most widely-read texts by American high school students and that there was occasion to mark the anniversary would have elicited surprise for the author, whom also considered considered his literary career to be a failure. Reevaluation over the ensuing decades count it among the masterpieces of the early twentieth century, attracting scholarly attention over his questions of social class, environmental conservation, gender, race and disillusionment with the American Dream, aspirations and refinements that speak across the years. The story about careless people is in part based on lived experience with Fitzgerald’s infatuation with a socialite out of his league, raucous parties and a sensationalised true crime story involving a love-triangle in New Jersey. Completing the manuscript whilst staying in the French Riviera, Fitzgerald shopped around for publishers, reworking the draft several times and with working-titles Among Ash-Heaps and Millionaires, On the Road to West Egg, Under the Red, White and Blue and The Gold-Hatted Gatsby before reluctantly settling on the alliterative one in deference to Alai-Fournier’s singular tragic character Le Grand Meaulnes (often rendered for English readers as The Wanderer). The dust jacket artwork for the first edition is Spanish painter Francisco Cugat’s Celestial Eyes, an abstract representation of a flapper suspended above a fun-fair evoking New York’s Coney Island, the commission being presented to Fitzgerald before the novel was finished and becoming a motif in the story, prompting him to finalise the book before it went to another author’s work, maintaining an unusual correspondence between artist and author, whose original painting was rediscovered in the bin of the publishing house’s archives decades later like so many unsold volumes of The Great Gatsby’s first run.

synchronoptica

one year ago: Dune: The Musical (with synchronoptica)

seven years ago: spirit animals and animal spirits, double-storey letters, floating dorms in Denmark plus assorted links to enjoy

eight years ago: sacrificial soda plus disinformation mills

nine years ago: a Canadian foothold in the Caribbean plus money laundering and the Panama Papers

ten years ago: more links to revisit plus an appreciation of Designing Women

whistle-stop tour (12. 355)

With a similar route transversed just after World War II, proposed by the attorney general under FDR and Truman who feared that Americans were taking the principals of liberty for granted in the post-war years and the project becoming a model for future outreach efforts during the Cold War, the second American Freedom Train, twenty-six cars conveyed by a stream locomotive outfitted with a special livery, began its twenty-month long journey criss-crossing the continent and visiting all the forty-eight contiguous states on this day in 1975, arriving in Wilmington, Delaware in a lead-up to the country’s bicentennial celebrations—see previously. The display cars carried more than five-hundred pieces of America on loan from various institutions, artefacts including: the original constitution, the Louisiana Purchase, Jesse Owens’ Olympic medals, a Moon rock, Martin Luther King, Jr’s pulpit, George Washington’s fire engine and Judy Garland’s dress from The Wizard of Oz, and was visited by over seven million people in near one hundred forty cities. Afterwards, the cars (without their contents, see also) were purchased by National Museums of Canada and reflagged as the Discovery Train for a similar rail tour.

*    *    *    *    *

synchronoptica

one year ago: Germany legalises marijuana (with synchronoptica) plus April Fools

seven years ago: more early Easter greetings, a monopoly on local media, a vintage April calendar plus Granny’s University of the Imagination

eight years ago: alphabetic architecture, Trump’s supporting cast, more AI pranks plus the proposed Analemma Tower

nine years ago: precision crowd formation plus a once lost species makes a comeback

ten years ago: assorted links worth revisiting, the roots of monotheism plus an overview of heraldic charges

as american as apple pie and school-shootings (12. 351)

Via JWZ, whilst trying to further belittle and harass transgender individuals, through an emergency measure the governor of the American state of Idaho (see also), ahead of planned Pride celebrations later this summer, signed into law that would classify as misdemeanour indecent exposure any display of female breasts or likeness thereof (breastfeeding mothers exempted but with no further guarantees of privacy and no protections for animals nursing heroes or demigods), extending to toys or other paraphernalia resembling genitalia (as carefully worded as a commandment from the Duniverse against think machines and the consequences)—opposition leader from the Democratic party successfully attaching a rider to extend the ban to replica scrota hanging from trailer hitches and tailgates—“they call them ‘truck nuts.’ They are gross and offensive (agreed—though one would have thought such accessories would have ossified by now like Confederal flags and Cybertrucks) and kids on the highway see them.” America is a profoundly dumb and unserious nation, at the same time clawing in international industry but applying the same sweeping discriminatory measures) and we’d like to have not truck with these internal, performative squabbles and are best ignored until they come to a head, but sometimes stupidity is best fought with stupidity and any win counts.

america the unbeautiful (12. 316)

Guardian contributor Alexander Hurst, reflecting on a recent roadtrip with a friend from Washington, DC to New Orleans—in part retracing the path of Alexis de Tocqueville—presents a thoughtful travelogue that encapsulates the aesthetics of sprawl and alienation that informed the MAGA mindset—those without an internal moral compass—long before it came home to roost with the return of Trump. “Like fish in water, I wonder if Americans are even aware how they swim in it,” Hurst writes of the inuring indignities of suburban living—sold as a dream still despite the nightmare monotony, congestion and estrangement of off-ramp after off-ramp leading to “rectangle islands of stuff, surrounded by parking lots leading to other little islands.”

synchronoptica

one year ago: Sagrada Família (with synchronoptica)

seven years ago: the origins of tempura, email for trees, Google’s Art Palette plus Expo '70

eight years ago: FOIA inspired cocktails plus next generation phreaking

nine years ago: Italy’s answer to absinthe plus the Butcher’s Broom

ten years ago: the Fourth Crusade

pocket veto (12. 308)

As of this posting (timestamps are important as we’ve gleaned from every episode of the NPR Politics podcast), the continuing resolution to keep the US government funded and in operation has yet to be signed into law by Trump. Normally a failure to endorse after a ten day period, de facto the bill becomes law, but the titular technicality occurs when the president cannot return the bill to congress because it is adjourned, as it is for Monday (Sundays also excepted)—and the language of the CR has the provision that for the purposes of the bill that the remainder of the fiscal year constitutes one congressional day (with no pro-forma members present to keep the legislature open) despite returning in session on Tuesday, meaning that deadline never arrives—an unusual proviso perhaps to hedge his bets. Something legally ambiguous that cannot be overridden that Trump could keep in his quiver to exercise at will, the GOP were perhaps expecting more resistance from the Democrats, which could explain the reversal of party leadership—with a shutdown, which is in effect, and solely owned by the Republicans.

the customer is always right (12. 307)

On this day in 1962, JFK delivered a speech before congress establishing four pillars of basic consumer rights, amid a backdrop of historic lack of recourse against deceptive claims and faulty products which led ultimately to corporate liability and lessening the burden of proof on the injured party of demonstrating negligence on the part of the manufacture or advertiser, enumerating: the right to safety, the right to be informed through clear and accurate labelling, the right to choice affected through anti-trust legislation and limits of patenting to control monopolistic practices and the right to be heard via voicing complaints and concerns—expanded to include the right to include access to basic and essential goods, the right of redress in the form of fair settlement, consumer education and the right to a healthy workspace. A decade later, the principles were formalised in the US Consumer Product Safety Commission working across a range of agencies, both domestic and international, and World Consumer Rights Day, observed on the anniversary of the original address since 1983, sponsored by the NGO that also publishes Consumer Reports.

u is for upper canada, where the poor slave have found rest after all his wanderings, for it is british ground (12. 302)

This 1846 hand-coloured primer was printed as an abecedary (see previously here and here) for the Philadelphia Anti-Slavery Fair, authored and distributed by a pair of activist Quaker sisters, Mary and Hanna Townsend, realising that change could only be affected by including the young before they were inculcated otherwise with racist and oppressive ideas handed down. This volume was conserved and shared by the State of Mississippi Department of Archives and History and the whole alphabet, the rhyming couplets are reflective of the time and a bit paternalistic but worth reading, is showcased courtesy of Kuriositas at the link up top. I is the Infant, from the arms / Of its fond mother torn, / And, at a public auction, sold / With horses, cows and corn.

 synchronoptica

one year ago: a psychoanalytic board game (with synchronoptica), Pi Day plus assorted links to revisit

seven years ago: celebrating the life and achievements of Stephen Hawking, the Norwegian Porridge Feud plus more praise for Professor Hawking

eight years ago: Trump’s rentier economy, more links to enjoy plus the thawing of the tundra

nine years ago: six-plus decades of space exploration, the making of 2001 plus the statues of Dublin

ten years ago: Iceland drops its bid to join the euro-market, even more links to revisit plus the digital attention deficit

pro tempore (12. 275)

Inaugurated on this day in 1853 (see below—public ceremonies were held on 4 March with a few exceptions when the date fell on a Sunday from 1793 until 1933), William Rufus DeVane King became the thirteenth vice president of the United States—serving until his death about a month later. Previously a representative from North Carolina (under the constitutional age requirement of twenty-five but attaining that age by the time congress convened and then sworn in), senator of Alabama and ambassador to France and the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, King assisted in the drafting of the Comprise of 1850 and generally held moderate positions (insofar as possible for such things) on slavery and westward expansion, opposing secession while resisting efforts to abolish enslavement in the congressionally administered District of Columbia. Suffering from a bout of tuberculosis, which would summarily be his demise, King was in residence at a sanitarium in Matanzas Cuba at the time of transition and by dint of a special act of Congress was administered his oath there by a consular officer. King and subsequent successor to the presidency, James Buchanan, were able to survive the political scandal of their long-term homosocial and homosexual relationship, having lived together for thirteen years, despite being mocked publicly as Miss Nancy and Aunt Fancy respectively by the Jacksonian camp. Shortly after the ceremony, King made his way back to Washington, expiring two days after his arrival, never having discharged any act in his capacity with the office remaining vacant until thr inauguration of Buchanan in 187, with John C Breckinridge, often summoned to the White House to speak with Harriet Lane, Buchanan’s niece and acting First Lady—one of eleven such designees but never a divorcee to service a bachelor or widower, an accomplished hostess, for private office with the president.

synchronoptica

one year ago: a televised version of the Star Wars saga with product placement (with synchronoptica)

seven years ago: Berlusconi returns 

eight years ago: pan to the right, Kellyanne Conway plus Türkiye takes a cue from MAGA

nine years ago: a trafficking board game plus a plant-identifying app

ten years ago: numeracy from The Simpsons, assorted links worth revisiting, executive functions plus the legacy of Bauhaus

ultra vires (12. 264)

US district judge William Alsup in San Francisco issued a decision that the Office of Personnel Management (OPM) must rescind directives sent to some departments and agencies ordering them to fire employees serving under their probationary periods—that it was overreach on their part, illegal and “in no universe” can OPM direct other bureaus to hire or fire. Although the defence maintains that the memoranda did not constitute a direct order, the judge citing substantial evidence to the contrary from unions, media and personal accounts sided, after another case had been dismissed for want of standing, and petitioning for legal remedy and relief, believing those dismissed are likely to win on the merits of their case. The initial ruling, pending a later evidentiary hearing, is limited in scope, however, and only pertaining a few agencies, the Bureau of Land Management (park rangers), the Department of Veterans’ Affairs and subsequent to this decision, parts of government that layoff employees, not included among the defendants, are doing so of their own volition and not entangled by legal proceedings.

done a lot of foolish things, that i really didn’t mean (12. 260)

Honouring his musical hero on this day in 2009, US president Barak Obama invited Stevie Wonder to the
White House to bestow a Gershwin prize on the artist, a distinction from the Library of Congress for popular music and lifetime contribution, given in the tradition of the fraternal collaboration that produced Rhapsody in Blue and many other standards from the American Songbook. The first recipient was, with input from public broadcasters PBS and NPR, was Paul Simon with a gala performance in 2007 including Philip Glass, Alison Krauss, Grover and Elmo and Art Garfunkel. The below promise was a campaign song for Obama’s bid for presidency and he doubted whether their relationship would have been sustainable if they had not been mutual fans.

marbury v madison (12. 258)

In the aftermath of the fiercely contested US presidential election of 1800 (see previously), a three-way race among incumbent John Adams, Aaron Burr and Thomas Jefferson, with Jefferson ultimately winning with the electoral college by a very narrow margin. Once realising that they were unseated Adams and the Federalist party attempted to fill as many judicial vacancies as possible with loyalists and avowed “anti-Jeffersonians”—mostly circuit judges, during the last days in office. One of these appointees was a wealthy businessman and lawyer from Maryland, the plaintiff, William Marbury—nominees approved by the senate en masse. The new judges received their commissions and sworn in, however, for a few, it was not accomplished before inauguration day—including for Marbury—Jefferson instructing his secretary of state, James Madison, to withhold those commissions not yet delivered and declare them void. The ensuing lawsuit, elevated to the supreme court, was decided on this day in 1803, ruling that Marbury was legally entitled to his commission and withholding it was a violation of his rights—issuing a writ of mandamus and ordering the matter be remediated, but more over established the principle of judicial review, meaning that the courts have the power to strike down statues and legislation that run counter to the constitution, understood as the national codex and not just a statement of political ideas and aspirations and gives the judicial branch the responsibility to review the acts of the legislative and executive.