tariff of abominations (12. 471)

Designed to fail for its language that would hurt both industrialists and farmers, the US congress—against its own interests—passed on this day in 1828 a protective levy from thirty-eight to forty-fiver percent on many imported goods and raw materials, escalating cession and civil war. Due to the blockade of British exports to continental Europe during the Napoleonic Wars, America was flooded with cheap goods, particularly cloth, which northern manufacturing centres could not compete with, hurting domestic business and instigating the punitive duties. While England did not respond with reciprocal tariffs on cotton exports, a feared repercussion of the legislation—the cotton was needed for the fabric export market above—trade tensions were never allowed to develop in this way by dint of provisions injected into the bill that congressional representatives felt would sabotage its chance of passing with import duties imposed on New England manufacturers for raw materials. The manoeuvre backfired, however, with the northern states willing to pay this internal tariff in order to bolster domestic manufacturing and prevent factory closures and Vice President John C Calhoun (previously) urging nullification of the schedule with South Carolina, nearly forcing a government crisis with a constituent state ignoring, declaring null and void, a federal law it considered unconstitutional. Ultimately the South Carolina legislature took none of the recommended courses of action with the tariffs renegotiated in 1833 in compromise.