http 208 (12. 538)

Several accelerationist Silicon Valley chief technology officers have been recruited into the US Army Reserve as part time senior commanders, field promoted as colonels, as part of the newly formed Detachment 201 (the hypertext transfer protocol response status code for “Created”—the title refers to that of “Already Reported”—see previously here and here) to help integrate artificial intelligence into military planning and operations. Drawing from the ranks of Meta, OpenAI and Palatir is hardly surprising as the companies have been working with the military on various programmes including the controversial Project Maven to fully integrate AI into intelligence services. Significantly enlistment puts the companies’ under the purview of the Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ) and not subject to the scrutiny, jurisdiction and discovery of America’s civil courts of law should something untoward come up. As Eisenhower said, “In the councils of government, we must guard against the acquisition of unwarranted influence, whether sough or unsought, by the military-industrial complex. The potential for the disastrous rise of misplace power exists and will persist.”

the stand in the schoolhouse door (12. 528)

Occurring on this day in 1963, as our faithful chronicler reminds, possibly as a staged event to allow the governor whom promised to his constituents upon his inauguration for “segregation now, segregation tomorrow, segregation forever” to save face, George Wallace (previously) blocked the entry of into the University of Alabama’s Tuscaloosa campus for two matriculating students, Vivian Malone and James Hood—the former the first Black graduate and the latter returning years later in a teaching position after being forced out by racists and both given a death-bed apology by the former governor. The state national guard federalised by executive order (EO 11111, see above) compelled Wallace to step aside and allow the new students to complete their registration, providing “assistance for the removal of unlawful obstructions of justice” across the state and allowed students to enrol in previously all-white schools. The Kennedy administration afforded Wallace this publicity stunt over warnings for repeated counter-demonstrations and violence like that that had occurred in Mississippi with desegregation, and while not able to ultimately quell all riots did focus attention on Wallace and his arguments for states’ rights versus civil rights.

forty-eight hours later (12. 524)

Following his messy and public falling-out with Elon Musk and the consequent stalling of his Big Beautiful Bill in the senate, Trump is manufacturing headlines more aligned with campaign promises with first reimposing a travel ban and stoking fears of mass-deportations, disappearances with US immigration and customs enforcement (ICE, which is a high-speed train in Germany) raids on Los Angeles, eager to have this fight as a pretext for invoking martial law. Mobilising the state’s national guard against protesters against the will of the governor for the first time since 1965 when Lyndon Johnson called up Alabama troops as protective escorts for civil rights activists marching from Selma to Montgomery, countermanding the refusal of arch-segregationist George Wallace—for completely opposite reasons, Trump is obviously yearning for a spectacle—which so far is being denied him by the rallies, most violence coming from ICE agents. The Posse Comitatus Act of 1878 restricts military service members from being used for civilian law enforcement within the United States but does allow them to protect other federal agents and property and ensure that the execution of their duties is not impeded. Only with the declaration of insurrection, something not authorised by Trump during the January Sixth attack on the Capitol, can troops be used to make arrests. Although George HW Bush sent in the California National Guard under this law in 1992 to quell the uprising following the acquittal of the police officers involved in the brutal beating of Rodney King, it was done with the consent of the state government. For his part, Governor Gavin Newsom, frequent target of Trump, is threatening to withhold remittance of federal taxes, in response to both funding cuts to the state’s university system and to defund the country’s clear decent into dictatorship, to which the administration is levying charges of criminal tax evasion.

el pueblo de nuestra señora la reina de los ángeles del río porciúncula (12. 520)

In response to rallies against US immigration and customs enforcement (ICE) raids in Los Angeles over the weekend, Trump has federalised the Californian National Guard, deploying two-thousand troops to quell the protests. Over a dozen individuals have been arrested as agitators and insurrectionists for attempting to impede law enforcement activities as ICE agents clash with residents and have apprehended more than one hundred individuals suspected of being undocumented immigrants in sweeps that have so far been limited to isolated areas in the Paramount City, the garment district and the Civic Centre. Defence secretary Hegseth also threatened to mobilise marines if the violence continues. The state’s governor counters (whom Trump referred to as Gavin Newscum for his inability to control RIOTS and LOOTERS) that there is no shortage of law enforcement officials and that Trump only wants a spectacle and an excuse to escalate the situation and urges advocates to remain peaceful and not give the administration what it wants. Preparing for such raids and mass-deportations since Trump’s reelection, the ACLU and other groups championing immigrants have been coordinating efforts for outreach and advocacy as well, with city councilmember Eunisses Hernandez pushing back on the pledge that ICE would focus their efforts on dangerous criminals, coming at the time of graduation season and Pride Month celebrations: “It’s never, ever, ever been the case, because when they come for one of us, they come for all of us—and we have to remember that.”

gitlow v new york (12. 519)

Whilst ultimately narrowly upholding the conviction of Socialist politician and journalist Benjamin Gitlow for the publication of his manifesto that called for the violent overthrow of the American government under New York’s criminal anarchy law, the landmark case decided this day in 1925 by the US supreme court, headed by chief justice William Taft, significantly affirmed that amendment XIV did extend the First Amendment’s provisions (through the due process clause) protecting freedom of speech and the press from to the constituent states and their governments were bound to respect these fundamental liberties.

One of the first major cases involving the Bill of Rights, it defined the scope of the guarantees and defined the standard to which a state’s or the federal government would be held should it try to criminalise or suppress publication or distribution. While most of the justices agreed that calling for an unlawful coup exceeded the limits of free speech, Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr dissented, saying that governments should only be permitted to do so under the clear and present danger test and that indefinite advocacy is not the same thing as conscription and subversive action. Gitlow’s case was the first brought to the supreme court by the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) and Gitlow was represented by renown defence attorney Clarence Darrow and the ruling has been cited in numerous later judgements as precedent.   

 

synchronoptica 

one year ago: a visit to Ellertshäusen See (with synchronoptica)

seven years ago: the G7 in Quebec plus Project Maven

eight years ago: Trump motels plus J Edgar Hoover tried to convince Disney to produce Christian cartoons

nine years ago: plebiscites, the Bilderberg in Dresden, wage distribution in filmmaking, crimes of the art plus reflecting on y2k

ten years ago: the Pope defends science,  Big Pharma, assorted links to revisit plus the Hobo Museum of Britt Iowa

gideon v wainwright (12. 505)

Arrested on this day in 1961 in Panama City Florida on suspicion of a committing a burglary at pool hall based on the testimony of a single witness who claimed to have seen the unemployed drifter at the scene of the crime that morning, Clarence Earl Gideon falsely charged with petty larceny and breaking and entering appeared in court alone for his trial, unable to afford a defence lawyer, and had to represent himself, the laws of the state only requiring counsel to be proved in cases of capital offences. Gideon correctly countered the judge citing the US constitution’s VI. and XIV. amendments but could not persuade him otherwise and was forced to stand up himself to the authorities bringing the charges and was ultimately remanded to five years in prison for a crime he did not commit. During his incarceration, Gideon researched the law in the jail’s library and on prison stationary (a handwritten petition for a writ of certiorari) requested review by the state supreme court, which rejected it and was subsequently appealed to the nation’s high court, bringing suit against the then incumbent secretary of the Florida depart of corrections, Louie L Wainwright, for violation of his constitutional rights. The Supreme Court issued its landmark decision two years later, assigning Gideon prominent Washington, DC attorney and future associate justice Abe Fortas of the firm Arnold, Fortas & Porter to argue his case pro bono, ruling that selective application of this entitlement, weighted factors like the complexity of the charges, illiteracy or low intelligence of the defendant were irrelevant (Gideon himself certainly lawyered up despite leaving school after eighth grade) and counsel for those who could not afford it was guaranteed in all proceedings to navigate the rules of evidence and admissibility. The decision informed the US public defender system for the indigent for help ensure fair trials and over two thousand incarcerated inmates in Florida were released in 1963, mistrials declared and found that their right to due process had been violated. Gideon himself opted to have his name exonerated with a speedy retrial, acquitted by a jury in less than an hour. Part of a series of court decisions that confirmed the rights of defendants at trial, the ruling was extended to police interrogation with Miranda v Arizona, this anniversary seems especially resonant now with unheard of retributive attacks on law firms and individual lawyers, which is placing a chilling effect on pro bono work and legal aid for those up against those virtually unchallenged and untouchable.

synchronoptica

one year ago: assorted links worth revisiting (with synchronoptica) plus candidate Bill Clinton on a late night talk show (1992)

seven years ago: a visit to Kloster Veßra, ultimate Monopoly, Andy Warhol shot (1968) plus the revival of an ancient Sumerian religion

eight years ago: a four-dimensional toy box, a cove of abandoned ships, political gaslighting plus Trump rallies against Pride month

nine years ago: tensions between Germany and Türkiye 

ten years ago: more links to enjoy

taco trucks on every corner (12. 501)

Not the first meme on the subject, Trump has before propagated a false hysteria back in 2016 during his first campaign (at least the first one that netted a win for the serial candidate), repeating a snippet from an activist and agitator with Latinos for Trump complaining about continued immigration from México: “My culture is a very dominant, culture and its imposing and causing problems—if you don’t do something about it, you’re” going to have the above. In response, the Hispanic Chamber of Commerce launched a Guac the Vote campaign to utilise these menacing snack bars as voter registration information booths. Now in the wake of a contested order to halt the president’s power to unilaterally impost tariffs without the consent of congress by a tribunal with a highly specific role, the US Court of International Trade—a quasi-judicial entity of the Treasury Department to deal with customs disputes, composed of expert judges appointed by Obama, Reagan, GW Bush, Clinton and Trump himself with the authority of a federal court but unlimited jurisdiction, referred to the Supreme Court for appeal, a Financial Times reporter has coined an acronym and modus operandi that has really gotten under the skin of the administration: TACO (Trump Always Chickens Out) policy not only implies that this timorous madman approach gets too spooked when markets tumble and reverses or pauses the implementation in response to economic pressure, he and his cohort of loyalists also grift off stocks on the rebound of his actions, insider trading in a very public forum. Trump himself excused his vacillation as negotiation, describing himself in opposite terms despite investors seemingly willing to blow off threats as bluster and bullying and telling a journalist inquiring about the unflattering meme that it was “a nasty question” and never to ask it again. The special tribunal that enforced an injunction of Trump’s predictably chaotic behaviour argues that without the participation of the legislature and other parties with standing, the citation of national emergencies (drug trafficking and trade deficits) do not merit the prescribed remedies.

synchronoptica

one year ago: assorted links to revisit (with synchronoptica) plus Trump’s trials recall Cop Rock

seven years ago: a trip to Treffurt, French publicity caravans, crazy walls, Vegas hospitality workers strike plus more links to enjoy

eight years ago: more plagiarism scandals in government, the Shavian alphabet, Shakespeare and hawk-fanciers plus a trip to the Speewald

nine years ago: xenoglossy, the Bible in emoji plus visiting Restormel castle

ten years ago: more wearable technology, the philosophy of Erasmus, a trip to Gersfeld plus even more links

voice writers (12. 494)

Having known just a little about the development and integration of closed-captioning technology, we really appreciated this fascinating deep dive from Radio Lab into its history and struggle for equal access that followed, with accommodation, advances in hardware and software, representation and mandates all intertwined and informing one another, concluding with a reflection on how the process is being automated with artificial intelligence and how in training the machine, we ourselves are transformed through the collaboration. Of course the story didn’t end with triumph of accessibility through the above first demonstration, as the advances for the hearing impaired community were not widely accessible: most programming was not captioned and for those that were an expensive decoder was required as a television peripheral. The situation gradually improved and after the passage of the Americans with Disabilities Act, TV sets were required to include closed captioning technology and all broadcasts were mandated to include subtitles. A workforce of thirty thousand transcriptionists were at work to capture all stations’ content and in order to reach all of the growing market with the rise of cable programming, institutions providing the service turn to emerging voice recognition systems. These early versions were too bug-prone to be useful, especially for realtime applications and failed to keep pace with live dialogue, seizing up at the slightest accent. Researchers, however, discovered that they were more responsive and accurate with the voices of the trial participants, and soon one devised helping the computer by reading back the words in a steady, well-enunciated manner that it could manage. A team of voice writers across the States repeated scripted shows and news reports as they were aired and achieved a pretty good level of fidelity by 2003. Even with only their master’s voice, the programme still had its shortcomings and the voice writers developed a code of substitute words to clear up homophones and short prepositions, for example: echoing, “She has tootoo daughters inly college comma tootaloo period” would yield the yield the desired text, “She has two daughters in college, too.” Two decades on, the software has advanced to the point where it can transcribe instantly without the help of an interpreter and is improving with AI refinements.

contempt of court (12. 480)

The massive thousand-page long budget bill (long title, “To provide fir reconcilation pursuant to title II of the Concurrent resolution of the Budget for the fiscal year 2025, House of Congress Resolution, or OBBA, “One Big Beautiful Bill Act”) that just narrowly passed through the US House of Representatives and now up for debate in the Senate after days of contentious negotiation and garnering scepticism from economists and the stock markets as insoluble and untenable, extending Trump’s 2017 tax cuts set to expire with the fiscal year and solidifying his domestic agenda, contains a provision buried deep within the legislative language that would in effect render judicial purview unenforceable—making the second prong on the assault against the courts after trying to undermine “advocate judges” and halt universal injunctions against the administration with a Supreme Court hearing ostensibly disguised as judgment on birthright citizenship. With the potential to make most mandates in antitrust, police reform and desegregation cases impossible to compel or constrain, the provision states that no court may make use of appropriated funds to enforce a citation of contempt for failure to comply with an injunction or temporary stay unless security, collateral was given at the time of issuance—in other words and a situation brought up in the above case by Justice Ketanji Brown Jackson where everyone would be expected to lawyer-up unless a bond was paid up front by the plaintiff, something that does not happen in a suit against the government and an unfair requirement for judgment. Not only do parties seeking relief from unlawful acts have a high bar to access the courts (retroactively applied), the courts themselves would be rendered powerless when it comes to litigants contemning (the verb form of committing contempt) and ignoring their orders, downgraded to recommendations to take into advisement.

synchronoptica

one year ago: godfather of anime Osamu Tezuka (with synchronoptica), the patron saint of home economics plus the invention of the accordion

seven years ago: the designs of Raymond Loewy plus assorted links worth revisiting 

eight years ago: lamenting the transformation of eBay, vintage bowling alleys, losing the ability to face the next pandemic, a closed-captioning mix-up plus energetic revolutions

nine years ago: wine without grapes plus Simpsons’ couch gag as an IKEA manual

twelve years ago: a visit to the Wiesbaden museum

what does god need with a starship? (12. 479)

Somewhat prepared for when the conversation goes of the rails and girded against ambush and entrapment taking notes after the Oval Office meeting with Zelenskyy, South African leader Cyril Ramaphosa managed to maintain his professional composure presidential bearing despite Trump’s incessant rantings of white genocide and the murder of thousands of Afrikaner farmers—just after taking fifty-nine in as refugees, rehashing without evidence the ahistoric grievances amplified by himself and Musk of a conspiracy circulated since the end of apartheid rule in 1994 and his most significant gesture to date pandering to Christian white nationalism. That says a lot already, but moreover he is using the false paradigm to illustrate where progressive DEI initiatives and restitution would take America. Subjected to this diatribe plus a surprise screening of a propaganda film, a misrepresented newsreel, Ramaposa tried to steer the talks back to trade and security cooperation, admitting to a problem with crime while dismissing a concerted assault against settlers, citing his entourage, and at one point, exasperated offered, “I wish I had a plane to give you.” After accusing his interlocutor of non-existent crimes which he in no way condoned, Trump replied that he would gladly accept such a gift.

9x9 (12. 465)

the running man: US officials entertain the idea of a television game show that allows individuals to compete for citizenship—see previously  

chicken coop: Malia Márquez compares the craft of writing to tending poultry  

anamnesis: the diary of a lycanthrope  

party crasher: a slightly voyeuristic search engine for random wedding websites—via Web Curios  

milk and cheese: a tribute to comic book artist Evan Dorkin—via MetaFilter 

holistic wellness influencer: Trump’s pick for US surgeon general traffics in dangerous pseudoscience—see also  

werewolf of london: a look back on the first full-length creature feature on its ninetieth anniversary—via Miss Cellania 

the parable of the sower: Octavia Butler on writing and daily fidelity—via Kottke 

birth-right citizens brigade: challenge to XIV amendment law (previously) goes before US supreme court but arguments focus on activist judges and universal injunctions

last call (12. 459)

US president Calvin Coolidge rebuffing the proposal of the prominent prohibitionist to enforce the Volstead Act with the navy, believing the purpose of the armed forces was national defence and not police duty, on this day in 1925, attorney and longtime leader of the Anti-Saloon League, Wayne Bidwell Wheeler experienced his first push-back from the government after being a major advocate securing the passage of the eighteenth amendment to the US constitution, outlawing the manufacture, distribution and sale of alcoholic beverages. Wheeler’s initial refusal to allow for exemptions for beer below a certain threshold of proof had made him seen as unreasonable and uncompromising, making the already untenable problem of ensuring compliance worse and compelled authorities, resources stretched thin, to turn to increasingly violent and draconian measures to curb consumption including poisoning alcohol (see above). His method of activism, familiar though not a term in common parlance today, came to be known as Wheelerism—focusing on a single issue, relying heavily on mass media to persuade politicians that pet programmes held wide-spread public support, aligning with the ends of the Anti-Saloon League and other tee-totalling organisations and employed tactics like threatening to withdraw endorsements and financing opposition candidates. Wheeler’s influence waned afterwards and did not live to see the repeal of Prohibition, dying of kidney disease in Battle Creek, Michigan.

i mean, i could be a stupid person saying—no, we don’t want a free, very expensive airplane (12. 455)

Never a fan of Air Force One and bemoaning the delay that defence contractors like Boeing have presented since commissioning a new presidential fleet during his first term, Trump’s first major foreign trip, an itinerary that returns to the Persian Gulf—which America re-flags as the Arabian, retracing the agenda of his first-term, rife with business deals is overshadowed by coverage that the Qatari royals have offered Trump a deluxe airplane. An uncontested violation of the emoluments clause of the US constitution, Trump says that they four-hundred million dollar flying palace would be registered as a gift to the military—tasked with outfitting the aircraft up to standard, never mind the cost of these security upgrades or symbolism associated—and then donated to his Presidential Library and not for personal use after his presidency. Prompting assurances to the press that the president was unconcerned about what Qatar might ask for in return, Democrat lawmakers are threatening an embargo on any country that might further enrich the Trump family through their largess.

6x6 (12. 441)

αντίδωρον: brilliant wrapping paper makes presents appear as loaves of bread  

impact statement: for the first time, an AI avatar of a murder victim testifies in court 

heptapods: imagining alien languages reveals insights into the nature of our own ways of communicating—see previously 

picking fights: while Trump declares a ceasefire with the Houthi militant group—which we only know about because of Signalgate—the administration signals it will not get involved over the dispute in Kashmir  

orrery: a centenary of planetariums still inspiring awe—via tmn—see previously  

decomposing: lab-grown mini-brains of a deceased musician create posthumous compositions

origami mouse: a pointing device that folds flat when not in use—via Clive Thompson’s Linkfest—along with a few more fun items on arcade classics

fedifragous (12. 430)

Borrowing from the obsolete Latin foedifragus, the rarely used term which has occasion to be brought back into common parlance as the adjectival form for faithless, perfidious or treacherous in the sense of liable to break treaties or contracts or alliances.

siloed data (12. 425)

Unseriously I‘ve often said that none of us would have jobs if the various platforms we used could talk to one another. Since the rampage of DOGE through the US federal government, I’ve thought differently about this segregation of information is a function of bureaucracy, like the checks and balances of power amongst the three coequal branches. Even if the Department of Government Efficiency were to happily sublimate into an awkward memory and their designs to purge and private equitied were all ultimately foiled and reversed, the damage is still done with copying formerly cordoned off databases to an unsecured server (in the name of efficiency, and not chiefly for me risk of the information getting into the hands of ransomers or nogoodniks though that’s a bad enough prospect) but that the aggregate data points create a custom and comprehensive dossier on every single US citizen—the sort of thing that American social media providers shrilly decried with with integrated platforms like WeChat and lately with TikTok, hurling warnings in the gravest of language that it poses a national security risk and inculcates Americans with Chinese communist propaganda. Again every accusation is a confession, and DOGE‘s legacy despite any thing else will be cementing a surveillance state without equal.

[citation needed] (12. 416)

Taking longer than expected after Musk cast aspersions against what he styled as “Wokepedia”—though remember with these unimaginative and incurious MAGA toddlers every accusation is a confession—the Wikimedia Foundation is joining good company for a very bad precedent with the Trump administration’s Department of Justice issuing a boilerplate letter to the free encyclopaedia, threatening to strip it of its non-profit status for facilitating the spread of propaganda. Following the memory-holing of entire programmes and purging US government websites of any established science, from vaccine efficacy, the climate catastrophe to the spectrum of sex and gender identity—as well as any affirmative action—and pressuring any corporations contracting with the government to do the same, department lawyers levy that Wikipedia permits and promotes the manipulation of historical events and the biographies of American political leaders, subverting Trump’s agenda and undermining the interests of US taxpayers, who subsidise the international consortium in the same way that tariffs equal economic prosperity. As with other respected scientific institutions, like the New England Journal of Medicine and universities that have seen federal funding withheld, Wikipedia has been audited for proof that they have sufficient counter measures in place to suppress partisan disinformation edited by foreign nationals and measures to include competition viewpoints, such demands being another tactic to silence dissent and control the dissemination of knowledge that does not align with administration’s narrative and agenda.

a proportionate means of achieving a legitimate aim (12. 413)

With today being International Crab Day, around since Jurassic times and with one of the most complex and contentious cladograms in Nature, we show some extra respect to a museum in Margate dedicated to the marine crustacean for championing transgender rights after the UK Supreme Court, sadly taking a cue from the US culture wars, ruled that women are defined by “biological sex” to the exclusion of transgender accommodations, and whilst not eliminating rights and protections completely nor declaring that there are only two sexes as in America, it is consequential insofar as single-sex services including restrooms, changing rooms, hospitals, prisons, sports clubs and shelters. The judgment however specifically stated that the biological characteristics delineating men from women are assumed to be self-evident and requiring no further explanation or nuance, according to the court’s interpretation of the Equality Act of 2010—to which drawing on its expertise in evolutionary history and biology the museum countered that there are no binaries in Nature and it was an abuse of science to suggest sex and gender was not on a spectrum. Other institutions have spoken up in solidarity, expressing rigorous opposition to changes in intimate spaces.

pontifex maximus (12. 401)

After a reign of thirteen years and recently overcoming a serious bout of double-pneumonia, Pope Francis has passed away from a stroke at the age of 88. Having recovered and returning to a full schedule which included a busy Holy Week and a public Easter mass just the day prior, the first leader of the Catholic church from Latin America and first member of the Jesuit order elected to the office, Jorge Mario Bergoglio, taking the regnal name in tribute to Francis of Assisi, throughout his life and career—quickly rising in the ranks though hierarchy did not seem to matter much to him, archbishop of Buenos Aires and created a cardinal and thus papabile by John Paul II in 2001—his pontificate was characterised by personal humility and a focus on mercy, too progressive for some, particularly the conservative and regressive American church with his support of immigrants, environmental stewardship and strong condemnation of nationalist politics and whilst promising failed to deliver for many liberal congregants who welcomed Francis’ message of inclusion for the LGBTQ+ community, the divorced and recalcitrant and expanded roles of women in governance, failing short of doctrinal change. Francis, however, was transformative for the institution, leaving a legacy of like-minded appointees who may one day be able to affect the reforms that he began, eschewing clericalism and authority, saying the Church’s shepherds should “smell of sheep.” Francis willed he be interned in an unadorned grave outside the Vatican proper in the cemetery of Santa Maria Maggiore with a simple headstone bearing only Franciscus. During the sede vacante until the papal conclave, the Irish-American prelate Kevin Farrell, camerlengo, master of the household, will act as regent of the Holy See. The pope chose the motto Miserando atque eligendo, lowly but chosen, from the homilies of the Venerable Bede glossing on St Matthew’s writings on vocation and service.

synchronoptica

one year ago: assorted links to revisit (with synchronoptica), David Lynch’s pavilion for Milan Design Week, Footloose plus Cartoon All-Stars to the Rescue

seven years ago: North Korean nuclear capabilities plus a visit to Neustädtles

eight years ago: more links to enjoy, revisiting Paradise Lost plus IKEA’s emergency relationship stations

nine years ago: the Queen’s birthday, dirty money plus the heckler’s veto

eleven years ago: in the flow

gleichschaltung (12. 393)

From the relatively contemporaneous neologism developing apace with electrification, the term which historians employ to describe the system that Adolf Hitler used to impose totalitarian coordination and control over all aspects of German society within the constitution bounds of the Weimar Republic—from the press, to the economy, to culture and education—and refers to the conversion of alternating to direct current, technically rectification or phasing—it is usually translated in the socio-political sense of Nazification as “synchronisation” or “bringing into line.” The Nazis adopted similar terminology, like Ausschaltung, the act of switching off, the deletion of anyone counter to this fusion of party and state. Enabled by a series of laws enacted following Hitler’s election as chancellor in the space of nineteen months that undergirded various orders and decrees: measures include the declaration martial law following the burning of the Reichstag that suspended civil liberties and the media outlet, a cover for voter intimidation and suppression of opposition parties ahead of the general election; the formally titled “Law to Remedy the Distress of the People and the Reich” suspending parliament and giving the executive the power to pass legislation without them—called the Enabling Act, Ermächtigungsgesetz; deploying chancellery-appointed governors in each constituent state to reconstitute local legislatures according to ballots cast in the above 5 Match 1933 elections; the Law for the Restoration of a Professional Civil Service which dismantled the bureaucracy. Later supplemented by the Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda to promote Nazi values and prejudices through clubs and associations (infiltrating existing ones and establishing compulsory membership in new ones) and oversee news and entertainment, and industry and trade unions were also aligned. Those whose loyalty was deemed unimpeachable, regardless of station or influence, were rewarded with the Kraft durch Freude (Strength through Joy) programme with vacation resorts, hobbyists groups, vocational opportunities and motor clubs, leading to the building of the Autobahn network and the Volkswagen—which also aided in the perception that they were bolstering the German economy through make-work initiatives.